定语从句的关系代词

 在复合句中修饰某个名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。学习定语从句，引导定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose(一般指人);which(一般指物); that(指人或物)等。在句中充当主语、宾语、表语或定语。如：

　　1. This is the teacher who / that teaches us English. 这就是教我们英语的老师。(关系代词who / that 作主语。)

　　2. Do you understand the sentence which / that I have just explained to you? 你们懂不懂我刚才给你们讲的那个句子?(关系代词which / that 作have explained 的宾语。)

　　3. China is no longer the country that she used to be. 中国不再是过去那样的国家了。(关系代词that 作be的表语。)

　　4. Do you know the student whose composition is the best in our school? 你认识那个在我们学校作文最好的学生吗?(关系代词whose作composition的定语。)

　　关系代词引导定语从句要注意下列几个问题：

　　一、 关系代词与先行词。关系代词所修饰的(或指代的)词叫做先行词;先行词如果是“物”，则关系代词用which或that; 先行词如果是“人”，则关系代词用who或that; 也就是说，that既可用来修饰“人”也可用来修饰“物”。如：

　　1. This is the newspaper which / that I am looking for.

　　[分析]定语从句的先行词为news-paper, 故关系代词可以用which或that。

　　2. Mr. Li is the teacher who/that teaches us English.

　　[分析]定语从句的先行词为teacher, 故关系代词可以用who或that。

　　但如果先行词为all， everything， anything， nothing， little, much 等不定代词，或先行词被very， all， no， any， every， little， much， only等不定代词修饰时，关系代词只用that; 如果先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，关系代词也只用that; 如果先行词既有“人”又有“物”时，关系代词也只能用that。如：

　　1. Finally, the thief handed every-thing that he had stolen to the police.

　　2. That’s the only thing that we can do now.

　　3. This is the first composition that I have written in English.

　　4. We often talk of the persons and things that we knew in the school.

　　二、省略与不能省略。关系代词作主语，不能省略;关系代词作宾语，可以省略。如：

　　1. Beihai Park is one of the most beautiful parks that were built about 300 years ago in Beijing.

　　[分析] Beihai Park is one of the most beautiful parks是主句; that were built about 300 years ago in Beijing是定语从句。关系代词that作定语从句的主语，故不能省略。

　　2. The book (which / that) I lent you yesterday is my brother’s.

　　[分析] The book is my brother’s是主句;(which / that) I lent you yesterday是定语从句。关系代词which / that作定语从句里谓语动词的宾语，故可以省略。

　　3. The old man with white hair (who/ whom / that ) we saw at yesterday’s meeting is a professor.

　　[分析] The old man with white hair is a professor.是主句;(who/whom/that)we saw at yesterday’s meeting是定语从句。关系代词who/whom/that作谓语动词saw的宾语，故可以省略。

　　三、whose的用法。不管先行词是“人”还是“物”，都可以用关系代词whose作定语修饰后面的名词。如：

　　1. This book is for the students whose native language is not English.

　　[分析] whose的先行词是“人”;whose 的意思相当于the students’， 在定语从句里充当定语。

　　2. Do you know who is living in that house whose windows face south?

　　[分析] whose的先行词是that house; whose window的意思相当于the window of that house, 在定语从句里充当定语。

　　四、who与 whom。 指代“人”的关系代词作宾语时，既可用who也可用whom, 但作主语时只能用who。如：

　　1. Is this the man who / whom you asked for help yesterday?

　　[分析] 因为关系代词作asked的宾语，故既可以用who也可以用whom(当然也可以省略)。

　　2. This is the man who helped me carry my bag upstairs.

　　[分析]因为关系代词作主语，故只能用who (当然也可以用that)。

　　定语从句中的关系副词

　　定语从句中的关系副词有三个：when, where和why，它们在定语从句中分别作时间、地点和原因状语。其句法结构如下：

　　表时间的名词 + when + 定语从句

　　when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。

　　例： I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.

　　表地点的名词 + where + 定语从句

　　where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。

　　例： The factory where his father works is in the west of the city.

　　表原因的名词reason + why + 定语从句(why只用于reason之后的限制性定语从句中,在定语从句中作原因状语。)

　　例：That is the reason why I did the job. (在现代英语中why可以省略)

　　关系副词在定语从句中的用法看似简单，但以下注意点不可忽视：

　　1. “when”、“where”和“why”的运用取决于表时间的名词、表地点的名词和表原因的名词reason在定语从句中所作的成分，比较下面的几组句子：

　　★I will never forget the day when I first met you on the seashore.

　　★I will never forget the days which/that we spent together in Xueyao Middle School.

　　This is the hospital where my mother works.

　　This is the hospital which/that we visited the day before yesterday.

　　The reason why he did not go to school is that he was ill.

　　This is the reason which/that he gave his boss in the office .

　　2. “when”、“where”和“why”都可以替换成“介词 + which”，介词的选用取决于先行词和定语从句中的动词。例如：

　　Do you still remember the day when/on which we first met in Nantong?

　　This is the room where/in which we lived last year.

　　Do you know the reason why/for which he refused to go to Mary’s birthday party?

　　有时定语从句中介词短语和动词有意义紧密的修饰关系，尤其在非限制性定语从句中，常使用“介词 + which”结构，而不使用关系副词。例：

　　My mother works in a factory, in front of which there is a small river.

　　At night the soldiers got to a small hill, at the foot of which stood a farmhouse.

　　3. 关系副词“when”、“where”既可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句。例：

　　I will always remember the day when I first visited the Great Wall.

　　He came to Shanghai in 1980, when he was only 12.

　　I don’t know the exact spot where they will meet.

　　Mr Wang will fly to Beijing, where he will stay for three months.

　　有时关系副词“when”、“where”引导的限制性定语从句和先行词有间隔的现象，是为了平衡句子的语法需要。

　　Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace?

　　The days are gone forever when the Chinese people used “foreign oil”.

　　简述“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句

　　在“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句的运用中，介词和关系代词的选用需注意以下几点：

　　一、介词的选用原则

　　1.根据定语从句中谓语动词的习惯搭配来决定。

　　①This is the book on which I spent 8 yuan. (spend money on sth.为固定搭配)

　　② This is the book for which I paid 8 yuan. (pay money for sth.为固定搭配)

　　2.根据先行词的搭配习惯来决定。

　　① I remember the day on which I joined the League. (强调在具体某一天前要用介词on)

　　②I remember the days during which I lived here. (强调在某几天时间内要用介词during)

　　③ I remember the month in which I stayed there. (在month前介词要用in)

　　④ I don’t like the way (that /in which) he spoke to her. (先行词为way，表示“方式、方法”后接that 或in which或者省略)

　　二、若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who、that;关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。

　　① 刚才跟你谈话的那个人是我的邻居。

　　The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正)

　　The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. (误)

　　② 我们去加拿大所乘坐的飞机实在很舒服。

　　The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (正)

　　The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (误)

　　三、介词可以后移，关系代词可以省略。

　　① The person to whom you’ll write is Mr. Ball.

　　=The person (whom/that/who) you’ll write to is Mr. Ball.

　　②What do you think of the materials (which/that) these clothes were made of?

　　=What do you think of the materials of which these clothes were made?

　　四、含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of 等。

　　① 这是我正在找的手表。

　　This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正)

　　This is the watch for which I am looking. (误)

　　② 那个保姆照看的小宝宝们都很健康。

　　The babies (whom/who/that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy. (正)

　　The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. (误)

　　五、“介词+关系代词”前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。如：

　　① In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.

　　② There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.

　　③ Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life.

　　定语从句的练习

　　考点一：that和which

　　在非限定性定语从句中，引导词只能用which，不用that。如:

　　1. The owner of the cinema needed to make a lot of improvements and employ more people to keep it running, ______ meant spending tens of thousands of pounds. (NMET2006江苏)

　　A. who B. that

　　C. as D. which

　　(答案： D;先行词是整个主句)

　　2. You can find whatever you need at the shopping centre, ______ is always busy at the weekend.

　　(NMET2006上海春季)

　　A. that B. where

　　C. what D. which

　　(答案： D;先行词是the shopping centre)

　　考点二：介词+关系代词

　　“介词+ which / whom”可用来限定名词、代词、分数词、数词等。如:

　　1. He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows, most of which hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year.

　　2. I have many friends, ____ some are businessmen. (NMET2005 全国)

　　A. of them B. from which

　　C. who of D. of whom

　　(答案：D)

　　在定语从句中，关系代词前介词的确定是很重要的，可以归纳为以下几个方面：

　　1. 根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系。如：

　　Is that the newspaper for which you often write articles?

　　2. 根据从句中动词与介词的习惯搭配。如：

　　I saw a woman running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction _______ she had come.

　　(NMET2006重庆)

　　A. of which B. by which

　　C. in which D. from which

　　(答案：D)

　　3. 限制性定语从句中，要表示先行词的一部分时，可用“数词/代词+of+关系代词”的结构。如：

　　I was given three books on cooking, the first ______ I really enjoyed.

　　(NMET2006浙江)

　　A. of that B. of which

　　C. that D. which

　　(答案：B)

　　4. whose从句可转换为“of +关系代词”型从句，如：

　　They live in a house, whose door opens to the south.

　　They live in a house, the door of which opens to the south.

　　考点三:关系副词的运用

　　在限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句中，when从句修饰的先行词是时间名词，where从句修饰的先行词是地点名词，分别在定语从句中做状语。如：

　　1. If a shop has chairs _____ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop.

　　(NMET2005上海)

　　A. that B. which

　　C. when D. where

　　(答案：D)

　　2. It was an exciting moment for these people this year, when for the first time their team won the World Cup.

　　练 习

　　请选用适当的关系词或“介词+关系词”填空:

　　1. The place ______ (介词+关系词) the bridge is supposed to be built should be where the cross-river traffic is the heaviest.

　　2. He was educated at a local grammar school, _________(介词+关系词) he went on to Cambridge.

　　3. The schools themselves admit that not all children will be successful in the jobs ________ (介词+关系词)they are being trained.

　　4. Jim passed the driving test, _______(关系代词) surprised everybody in the office.

　　5. Her sister has become a lawyer， ______(关系代词) she wanted to be.

　　6. Mark was a student at this university from 1999 to 2003, ________ (介词+关系词) time he studied very hard and was made chairman of the Students’ Union.

　　7. —Did Jack come back early last night?

　　—Yes. It was not yet eight o’clock ______(关系副词) he arrived home.

　　8. —Is that the small town you often refer to?

　　—Right, just the one ______(关系副词) you know I used to work for years.

　　9. Frank’s dream was to have his own shop _______(介词+关系词) to produce the workings of his own hands.

　　10. I walked in our garden, _____ (关系副词) Tom and Jim were tying a big sign onto one of the trees.

　　11. The English play _______(介词+关系词)my students acted at the New Year’s party was a great success.

　　12. American women usually iden-tify their best friend as someone _____ (介词+关系词) they can talk frequently.

　　13. The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% _______(介词+关系词) are sold abroad

　　Key:

　　1. at which 2. after which

　　3. for which 4. which

　　5. which 6. during which

　　7. when 8. where

　　9. in which 10. where

　　11. in which 12. with whom

　　13. of which

　　定语从句复习要点

　　一、关系代词的用法

　　1. who表示“谁”，是关系代词主格，代表人，在定语从句中作主语，用于口语时，可以作宾语，既可以引导限制性定语从句，又可以引导非限制性定语从句，且在定语从句中做主语，先行词是指人的名词，从句的谓语动词在人称和数上必须与所修饰的名词(先行词)保持一致;在口语中可以做从句的宾语，相当于whom。

　　The TV play is about a group of British soldiers who fought in Africa in the Second World War. 这部电视剧讲述的是第二次世界大战中一群在非洲战斗的英国士兵。

　　These are the workers who he employs. 这些是他雇佣的工人。

　　The girl who speaks English well is my best friend.英语讲得很好的那个姑娘是我的好朋友。

　　[考例]

　　The famous basketball star,

　　tried to make a comeback, attracted a lot of attention. (NMET2002春，北京卷)

　　A. where B. when

　　C. which D. who (Key: D)

　　2. whom表示“谁”，是关系代词，代表人，在定语从句中作宾语，还可以用在介词后面引导定语从句。

　　Mr. Wang is the man whom we all respect.王先生是我们大家都尊重的人。

　　[考例]

　　I have many friends, some are businessmen. (NMET2005全国卷I、II)

　　A. of them B. from which

　　C. who of

　　D. of whom (Key: D)

　　3. whose表示“……的”时，引导定语从句，先行词既可以是指人的名词，也可以是指物的名词，同时在从句中作定语，修饰一个名词。这种定语从句可以转化为“the +(whose在从句中所修饰的)名词 +of + which (whom)”引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词是指人的名词时用whom，先行词是指物的名词时用which。

　　Is there anyone in your class whose family is in the northwest?(=Is there anyone in your class， the family of whom is in the northwest?)你班里有谁家在西北吗?

　　[考例]

　　Have you seen the film “Titanic”,

　　leading actor is world-famous? (NMET2001春，上海卷)

　　A. its B. it’s

　　C. whose D. which (Key: C)

　　4. which引导限定性定语从句时，把指事或物的名词作为先行词，其中which在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时，可以省略;which引导非限定性定语从句时，只能放在主句之后，从句用肯定句或否定句。

　　She works for a company which makes washing machines. 她在一家生产洗衣机的公司工作。

　　The sports meet was put off, which was what we had expected. 运动会延期了，这是我们预料到的。

　　[考例]

　　Her sister has become a lawyer,

　　she wanted to be. (NMET2005湖北卷)

　　A. who B. that

　　C. what D. which (Key: D)

　　5. that引导限定性定语从句时，把指事物或人的名词作为先行词，其中that在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时，可以省略。

　　This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这是我看过的电影中最好的一部。

　　That’s the only thing (that) we can do now. 目前我们只能这样做了。

　　[考例]

　　— Why does she always ask you for help?

　　— There is no one else ， is there? (NMET2005北京卷)

　　A. who to turn to

　　B. she can turn to

　　C. for whom to turn

　　D. for her to turn (Key: B)

　　6. as引导的定语从句

　　as引导限定性定语从句时，在所修饰的名词前有such，the same，as much，as many，其中as在从句中做主语、宾语或表语;as引导非限定性定语从句时，可放在主句之前、之后或插在句中，常与动词know, mention, see, expect, report等连用，从句用肯定句，一般把主句作为修饰的先行词。

　　Here is such a big stone as no one can lift. 这块石头大得无人举得起。

　　I want to buy the same pen as he is using now. 我想买一支和他现在使用的一样的钢笔。

　　As we had expected, their team won. 正像我们预料的那样，他们的队赢了。

　　[考例]

　　I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting. (NMET2005浙江卷)

　　A. When B. After

　　C. As D. Since (Key: C)

　　二、关系副词的用法

　　1. where引导定语从句时，一般作关系副词用，且在从句中作地点状语，先行词必须是指地点的名词，既可引导限制性定语从句，又可引导非限制性定语从句。但在介词from后面引导定语从句时，作关系代词用，且作介词from的宾语。

　　Is this the house where you once lived?这就是你们曾经住过的房子吗?

　　She climbed up to the top of temple, from where she could see some things in the distance.她爬上了寺庙的顶部，从那里她可以看到远处的一些东西。

　　[考例]

　　If a shop has chairs women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop. (NMET2005上海卷)

　　A. that B. which

　　C. when D. where (Key: D)

　　2. when表示“……的时候”，是关系副词，引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，修饰指时间的名词，且在从句中作时间状语。

　　This is the hour when the place is full of people. 这种时候这地方到处都是人。

　　Sunday is holiday, when people do not go to work. 星期天是休息日，这天人们不上班。

　　[考例]

　　— Did Jack come back early last night ?

　　— Yes. It was not yet eight o’clock

　　he arrived home.(NMET2005福建卷)

　　A. before B. when

　　C. that D. until (Key: B)

　　3. why表示“……的(原因)”，相当于for which，一般作关系副词用，且在从句中作原因状语，先行词必须是the reason，但the reason作先行词时，若在从句中作主语或宾语，定语从句要用that或which引导，作宾语时，可以省略that或which。

　　Can you tell me the reason why(= for which)you are late again?你能告诉我你再次迟到的原因吗?

　　[考例]

　　Is this the reason at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?

　　A. he explained

　　B. what he explained

　　C. how he explained

　　D. why he explained

　　(NMET2002春，上海卷，Key：A)