如何在英文写作中避免性别歧视？

 近四十年来，尽管非性别歧视语还没有达到非不可的程度，但它毕竟已进人日常会话和写作的主流之中。随便翻开一张英美的报纸，或瞧一下五花八门的宣传广告，就会发现supervisor（工头，领班）替代了原来的foreman， workman‘s compensation（工人赔偿金）变成了worker‘s compensation； sales rep， sales associate或seller（推销员）取代了常用词salesman等。为此，笔者将有关资料整理如下，供英语学习者参考。请注意，所选用的例句，除个别注明外，均选自Rosalie Maggio编写的The Nonselist Word Finder： A Dictionary of Gender－Free Usage （Maggio， 1989）。

1．尽量不用通性代词he，除了明确地指代一个男性人物时，都要设法避免使用之。可以根据语境需要，选用下列替换方式：

1）采用复数形式
Sexist： When bathing a baby， never leave him unattended.
Revised： When bathing babies， never leave them unattended.
给婴儿洗澡时，一定不能让他们无人照料。

2）用we／us／our改写原句
Sexist： From each according to his abilities， to each according to his needs.
Revised： From each of us according to our abilities, to each of us according to our needs.
各尽所能，按需分配。

3）改用第二人称、
Sexist: No man knows his true character until he has run out of gas, purchased something on the installment plan and raised an adolescent.

Revised: You don‘t know what your true character is until you have run out of gas， purchased something on the ! installment plan and raised an adolescent.
只有当汽车大的油用光了，按分规付款方式购物和抚养大一个孩子时，人的本来品性才会显露出来。

4）改用被动语态
Sexist： One who， when he has the choice of two evils， chooses both.
Revised： One who， when given the choice of two evils, chooses both.
一个在两种恶行之中要作出选择就两者都选的人。

5）完全省略代词
Sexist: What a person thinks of after he becomes a departee?
Revised： What a person thinks of after becoming a departee?
一个人离去后，会作何感想呢？

6）用冠词替代
Sexist： Can a critic give his opinion of an omelet without being asked to make one？
Revised： Can a critic give an opinion of...？
评论家议论煎蛋时难道到非要他去自己煎鸡蛋吗？

7）用someone， one, the one， no one等替代
Sexist： He who can take advice is sometimes superior to him who can give it.
Revised： Someone who can take advice is sometimes superior to the one who can give it.
接受忠告者有时胜过发出忠告者。

8）使用he and she或his and her，但使用的次数不宜太多。s/he仅可用于备忘录(memos), 便条(notes), 或者非正式的交谈之中。

9）用名词或上下文中用过的同义词替换
Sexist: To find a friend one must close one eye - to keep him, two.
Revised: To find a friend， one must close one eye - to keep a friend, two.
想找朋友；就得睁一只眼，闭一只眼；想留住朋友，就得双眼都闭上。

2．尽量使用那些包括两性在内的词，即无性别之分的词（gender-free words),

例如: child， teacher， officer（警官)，people， worker, immigrant（移民）,voter（投票者，选民）, coach(教练），church member(教友）, sale rep（推销员），grand parent（外／祖父或祖母），leader， evening student, employee (雇员），testee（考生，应试者），engineer，customers（顾客）, dealer（交易者，商人），clerk（职员，办事员），civilian（平民），scientist, operator（接线员，办事员)，patriot(爱国者)，person, planner(策划者，计划者)， politician(政客), producer(生产者、制造者)， tutor（家庭教师,导师，[美国］助教），reporter，writer，chief executive（首席行政长官），everybody, expert等.