动词不定式

 动词不定式是动词的一种非谓语形式，无人称和数的变化，其构成为“to+动词原形”，否定式为“not to+动词原形”。它的用法十分灵活，在句中可作多种成分，号称“万能不定式”。

　　一、作宾语

　　1. 英语中有些动词，如want, hope, agree, decide, wish, would like, prefer等，常用动词不定式作宾语。例如：

　　They all want to play football after class. 他们课后都想踢足球。

　　2. 有些动词(短语)后面既可接动词不定式作宾语，又可接动名词作宾语，但所表达的意义不同，对此，应该弄清楚它们的区别。常见的这类动词(短语)有：

　　go on to do sth. 做完一件事后，继续做另一件事

　　go on doing sth. 继续做某事

　　remember / forget to do sth.

　　记住/忘记要做某事

　　remember/ forget doing sth.

　　记得/忘记曾做过某事

　　二、作宾语补足语

　　不定式做宾语补足语主要分为两种情况：带to和不带to(help后的宾补带不带to均可)。

　　当不定式跟在动词want, tell, ask, would like, wish, like, teach等后作宾语补足语时，不定式须带to。例如：

　　What do you want me to do for you? 你要我为你做什么?

　　2. 当不定式跟在动词feel, hear, listen to, see, make, let, have, watch, notice, look at等后作宾语补足语时，应省略to。例如:

　　I felt someone open my door. 我感觉有人开了我的门。

　　◎ 温馨提示：如果把这一类宾补省略to的主动句改为被动句时，须将省去的to补上。例如：

　　Mr. Green made Jim stay at home yesterday. (主动语态)

　　Jim was made to stay at home by Mr. Green yesterday. (被动语态)

　　三、作状语

　　动词不定式在句中可作目的状语、结果状语或原因状语等。例如：

　　He went home to see his mother. 他回家去看他妈妈了。(表目的)

　　He hurried to school only to find nobody there. 他匆匆忙忙地赶到学校，结果发现一个人也没有。(表结果)

　　The children laughed to see such a funny game. 孩子们看见这样有趣的游戏都笑了。(表原因)

　　◎ 温馨提示：不定式还可以跟在一些表语形容词happy, lucky, easy, difficult等后作状语。例如：

　　We’re very happy to work with you. 我们与你们合作感到很愉快。

　　四、作定语

　　动词不定式作定语通常放在被修饰名词的后面。例如：

　　We have a lot of work to do this evening. 今晚我们有许多家庭作业要做。

　　◎ 温馨提示：如不定式动词是不及物动词作定语时，其后须加一个适当的介词。例如：

　　Have you got a chair to sit on? 你有椅子坐了吗?

　　五、作表语

　　不定式常跟在系动词be等后作表语。例如：

　　Her hope is to be an English teacher. 她的愿望是当一名英语老师。

　　六、作主语

　　To give is much better than to receive. 给予远胜于接受。

　　◎ 温馨提示：不定式作主语时，为避免头重脚轻而常把不定式后置，用形式主语it代替，常见结构有“It’s+adj. / n. (for sb.)+to do”及“It+takes / took / will take sb.+some time+to do sth.”。例如：

　　It is good to see all my teachers and friends again. 又见到我所有的老师和朋友真是太好了。

　　It takes me half an hour to read English every morning. 我每天早晨用半个小时读英语。

　　七、: 省略to的情况

　　(1)Why not...?句型及would rather, had better等结构后。如：

　　You’d better get up early .你最好早点起床。

　　(2)作感官动词、使役动词(get除外)及help的宾补时，省略to; 被动语态时，不能省。

　　如：Who do you want to have do the job? 你想让谁干这件事?

　　(3) 动词不定式作表语，主语部分如果含有行为动词do，而表语又是解释do的精确含义时，to 可省可不省。

　　如：What I wanted to do then was (to) take back what I had said.我当时想做的就是收回我所说的话。

　　(4)介词but, except后接不定式作宾语时，如果介词前有行为动词do，那么介词后的不定式省略to，否则要带to。

　　如：I have no choice but to wait. 除了等待，我别无选择。

　　I have nothing to do but wait. 除了等待，我无事可做。(do为行为动词)

　　Do you have any choice but to wait? 除了等待，你还有别的选择吗?(do为助动词)

　　[一]考查动词不定式作主语

　　[精讲] 不定式作主语，而且可用it作形式主语，尤其当主语较长时。

　　[题例]

　　1. Is it always easier _______ friends than to keep them? (2005年甘肃省)

　　A. making B. make

　　C. to make D. made

　　2. It’s bad for your eyes _______ computer games too much. (2005年湘西)

　　A. plays B. to play

　　C. play D. playing}

　　3. It _______ Jack twenty minutes _______ the math problem yesterday. (2004年北京市东城区)

　　A. took, to work out

　　B. takes, to work out

　　C. has taken, work out

　　D. is taking, working out

　　[答案]1. C 2. B 3. A。

　　[二]考查动词不定式作宾语

　　[精讲] hope, wish, expect, pretend, plan, decide, seem等动词后必须用不定式作宾语;stop(停下来去做某事)，remember(记住要做某事)，forget (忘了要做某事)，try(尽力去做某事)，regret(对未做之事表示遗憾)，go on (继续做不同之事)，mean (打算做某事)，need, want (主语需做某事)等词后边只能接不定式作宾语。

　　[题例]

　　1. When you leave, don’t forget _______ off the light. (2005年漳州市)

　　A. to turn B. turning

　　C. turn D. turned

　　2. Please show me the watch that you want _______. (2005年烟台市)

　　A. it repaired

　　B. to have repaired

　　C. to have it repaired

　　D. to repair it

　　3. Who do you think you’d like _______? (2005年包头市)

　　A. to let to go B. letting to go

　　C. to let go D. let go

　　4. Although Jeff loves KFC (肯德基炸鸡), he tries _______ it too often. (2005年岳阳市)

　　A. to eat B. not eat

　　C. to not eat D. not to eat

　　[答案] 1. A 2.B 3.C 4.D

　　[三] 考查动词不定式作状语

　　[精讲] 不定式常作目的状语，其否定式为not to do, 此时也可用于一些固定搭配中构成不定式目的状语复合形式，如：in order(not) to do, so as(not) to do, 不定式及不定式复合形式也可提至句首(不含so as to do或so as not to do)进行强调。

　　[题例]

　　1. — Mum, I’m hungry.

　　— What about going to McDonald’s _______ fried chicken? (2005年南通市)

　　A. eat B. to eat

　　C. eating D. and eat

　　2. Yesterday morning I got up early _______ be late for the exam. (2002年上海市)

　　A. in order to B. in order to not

　　C. so as not to D. so as to

　　[答案] 1.B 2.C。

　　[四]考查动词不定式作宾语补足语

　　[精讲] 不定式作宾语补足语多用于tell / ask / teach / order / warn / would like sb. (not) to do sth. 等短语之中。

　　[题例]

　　1. The teacher told the students _______ football on the street. (2005年桂林市)

　　A. played B. to play

　　C. not play D. not to play

　　2. Our maths teacher always tells us _______ make the same mistakes again. (2005年南京市)

　　A. don’t B. not

　　C. to not D. not to

　　3. My mother asked me _______ in bed. (2005年长沙市)

　　A. not read B. not to read

　　C. not reading

　　4. A: What did the man say over there?

　　B: He told us _______ any further. There is danger ahead. (2005年宁夏)

　　A. don’t go B. not go

　　C. to go D. not to go

　　[答案]1. D 2. D 3. B 4. D

　　[五] 考查动词不定式作定语

　　[精讲] 不定式作定语往往说明被修饰名词为不定式所表动作的逻辑主语、逻辑宾语或表示地点、工具等。

　　[题例]

　　1. — Hi, Betty. Shall we go swimming this Sunday?

　　— This Sunday? I am sorry, I have a lot of homework _______ this Sunday. (2005年威海市)

　　A. to do B. done

　　C. do D. to be done

　　2. — What about going swimming with me?

　　— Sorry. I have a lot of home work _______. (2005年新疆)

　　A. to do B. done

　　C. do D. to be done

　　[答案] 1. A 2. A

　　[六] 考查“疑问词+不定式”作主语、宾语、表语

　　[精讲] 此时可换成相应的连接词引导的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句。

　　[题例]

　　1. John asked David how _______ Christmas. (2005年呼和浩特市)

　　A. celebrating

　　B. to celebrate

　　C. to be celebrated

　　D. celebrated

　　2. — Could you tell me _______ to have the meeting tonight?

　　— At the meeting room on the third floor. (2005年河南省)

　　A. why B. how

　　C. when D. where

　　[答案] 1. B 2. D

　　[七]考查动词不定式不带to的场合

　　[精讲] 不定式通常都带to, 但使役动词、感官动词后面接不定式作宾语补足语时不带to(用于被动语态作主语补足语时应带to)。另外，有些固定搭配也不带to, 如：would rather do sth., had better / best do sth. , why (not) do sth. 等。

　　[题例]

　　1. Internet bars shouldn’t let people under 18 in or let anybody _______ bad things. (2005年哈尔滨市)

　　A. watch

　　B. to watch

　　C. watches

　　2. Jack is very funny. He always makes us _______. (2005年长春市)

　　A. laugh B. laughing

　　C. to laugh D. laughs

　　3. The heavy snowstorm made the mountain climber _______ half-way. (2005年上海市)

　　A. stop B. to stop

　　C. stopping D. stopped

　　4. — You look tired. You had better _______ right now.

　　— Thank you. But I have much work to do. (2005年福州市)

　　A. not to have a good sleep

　　B. to have a good sleep

　　C. not have a good sleep

　　D. have a good sleep

　　5. — John, will you please ____ the blackboard now? It’s your duty.

　　— OK. (2005年贵阳市)

　　A. not clean B. not to clean

　　C. to clean D. clean

　　6. Could you please _______ such thing again? (2005年西宁市)

　　A. not to do B. don’t do

　　C. not do D. not doing

　　[答案] 1. A 2.A 3.A 4.D 5.D 6.C