动词的限定形式和非限定形式
时态
1)英语中不同时间发生的动作或情况要用不同的形式表示,称为时态。英语中共有十六种时态,它们是:
一般现在时
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现在进行时
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现在完成时
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现在完成进行时
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一般过去时
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过去进行时
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过去完成时
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过去完成进行时
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一般将来时
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将来进行时
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将来完成时
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将来完成进行时
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一般过去将来时
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过去将来进行时
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过去将来完成时
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过去将来完成进行时
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2)名种时态的构成方法大致可归纳如下:
a.一般现在时用现在式(动词原型),但在第三人称单数的主语后要加-s 词尾;
b.一般过去时用动词的过去式,不分人称,但动词be有两个过去式:was 用于第一、三人称单数,其他情况用were:
c.一般将来时,一般由“will+动词原形”构成,但在有第一人称主语的问句中用“shall+动词原形”这种形式:
I’ll do it.
Shall I do it?
Will you do it?
d.一般过去将来时用“would+动词原形”构成:
She hoped the weather would be favourable.
e.各种进行时态都由“be+现在分词”构成,时间由be表现出来:
I am (You are/He is/They are) studying.
She was playing the piano. They were playing football.
I (We/She) will be watching TV tonight.
I thought you would be waiting for us.
f.各种完成时态都由“have+过去分词”构成,时间由be表现出来:
She has (I have) written a novel.
He said he had written a novel.
They will have finished the work by tomorrow.
He said he would have finished the work by tomorrow.
g.各种完成进行时态都由“have been +现在分词”构成,时间、人称由have表现出来:
I have (She has ) been waiting for you.
She said she had been waiting for you.
I will have been waiting for tow hours by 9 o’clock.
She told me she would have been teaching for 20 years by this summer.
3)各种时态形式可归纳成下表:
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一般时态
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进行时态
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完成时态
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完成进行时态
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现在
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write
writes
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am
are
is
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writing
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have
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written
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have
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been writing
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has
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has
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过去
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wrote
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was
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writing
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had written
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had been writing
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were
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将来
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will write
(shall write)
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will be writing
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will have written
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will have been writing
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过去将来
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would write
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would be writing
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would have writeen
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Would have been writing
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这些时态并不是同样活跃的,最基础的是以下五种时态(这是初学都得学的):
一般现在时 现在进行时 一般过去时 一般将来时 现在完成时
其次是以下五种时态,用得也比较多:
过去进行时 过去完成时 现在完成进行时 过去完成进行时 将来进行时
4)否定式的构成:
否定式通常由系动词be+not,助动词+not和情太动词+not构成:
主语
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be,助动词或情态动词+not
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其他部分
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She
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is not (was not)
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in Paris now (then).
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She
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is not (was not) working
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at the moment.
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She
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does (did) not know
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English.
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She
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has not done
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her exercises.
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She
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will not stay
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here long.
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She
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cannot run
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very fast.
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She
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may not like
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the idea.
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You
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mustn’t (needn’t/doesn’t have to)leave
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so soon.
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5)疑问式的构成:
一般问句和特殊问句通常都用下面方式构成:
疑问词
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动词be,助动词或情态动词
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主语
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其他部分
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Where
How
What time
How long
Where
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Are (Is)
Where (Was)
Does (Did)
Is (Was)
Has (Have)
are (is)
are (is)
did
has
can (must)
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you (he)
you (he)
he
she
he (you)
you (he)
they (she)
you
she
I
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an Canadian?
there then?
know you (then)?
waiting ?
got my letter?
from?
doing?
arrive?
been teaching here?
put it?
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在学习时态时要注意各类形式,只有熟练掌握这些形式,才能顺利交谈。
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