| = not functioning 失灵的）
Her radio is out of order, so she can't listen to it.
（3）by: 表示从旁经过或在……附近。
经典用法：
● 通过→This is the nearest road by which they came.
● 在……时候→The young man works by day and steals money by night.
● 由……所生→He has two sons by her second wife.
● 抓住→She caught her child by his coat in the flood.
● 按……计算→The farmers sell their apples by the pound.
● 就（气质，特征）而言→He is an artist by temperament（气质）。
He passed by me without saying hello.
He lives by the sea.
用于被动语意，导出动作执行者
The glass was broken by the boy.
by + 具体时间：
They usually have dinner by 8 o'clock.
by + 交通工具 (bus, train, plan...)
He travelled to Paris by air / plane.
by the end of + 时间名词：到……末为止。
By the end of last year, they had learnt 100 texts.
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